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Papers On Anatomy & Physiology
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The Endocrine System
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A 10 page overview of the endocrine system. Includes specific information on the Ovary (follicle and corpus luteum), Testis, Pancreas, Adrenal glands (medulla and cortex), Thymus, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid, Posterior pituitary gland, Anterior pituitary gland, Hypothalamus and the Pineal gland as well as on their function, hormones, and regulators. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Endsys.wps
The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps
The Game of Chess and Cognitive Development
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A 7 page discussion of the importance of chess. Chess is much more than a game. It can be contended, in fact, that chess can be of benefit to cognitive development and learning. Cognitive learning is the process in which knowledge is acquired. It involves an individual being cognizant of his or her environment and gaining knowledge from that environment. This involves both thinking and problem solving which in turn results in memory formation and learning. In order to learn how to play chess an individual must be able to both form memories and to learn how to correctly plan their moves. Chess is instrumental in both the physiology of this development as well as in the social aspects of cognitive development. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: PPcogDev.wps
The Genetic Pathway and Developmental Evolution
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A 7 page discussion of genetic pathways, specifically the direction of the orderly expression of specific gene subsets, a process which is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors. Specific DNA target sequences are bound by these transcription factors and, in turn, interact with one another on either a cooperative basis or an antagonistic basis to control expression of the gene subsets. This interaction is aided as well by extracellular signaling molecules which both control and are controlled by the transcription factors. Ties these basic observations together with a review of research on species as diverse as Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish. An additional 2 pages are appended on this paper which identify several references which could be applicable in an expanded review of this subject. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: PPgenePt.wps
The Hubble Space Telescope
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12 pages in length. In what has seemed like the blink of an eye, scientific technology has advanced the human race at such breakneck speed that scientists are forever attempting to outdo each previous discovery with a bigger and better replacement. Such is the case with the fantastic discoveries for which the Hubble Space Telescope has been responsible during the twentieth century. Had it not been for the creation of such a monumental piece of scientific machinery, the world would not have acquired the mountain of information, photographs and previously unknown details that have come forth over the last decade. Indeed, the proficiency of the Hubble Space Telescope has allowed mankind to delve far beyond the confines of conventional boundaries in order to encourage further exploration of outer space. The writer discusses revolutionary and evolutionary aspects of the Hubble Space Telescope. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLChuble.wps
The Human Hand
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A 4 page paper that provides an overview of the structure of the human hand. This paper considers the role of muscles, ligaments, tendons and bone in creating the movement of the hand. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Humanhan.wps
The Human Integument (Skin): Structure, Function and Conditions By Which it is Affected
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A 5 page overview of the various components of the integument system and their function. The author explains that the body’s integument consists of a number of components which can be both independently and collectively affected by both internal and external factors. In its healthy state the skin provides a number of incredibly useful functions in the human body. When diseased, genetically predisposed to collapse, or exposed to various external stimuli, however, these functions are modified, significantly changed, or halted altogether. The result is a change from the normal physiologic functions of the skin to abnormal function. These changes can be only minimally important or they can result in debilitation or even death. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPskin.rtf
The Importance of Phylogenetic Relationships in Evolutionary Biology
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A 5 page contention that phylogenetic relationships are a critical component of evolutionary biology. Indeed, it is upon our knowledge of phylogeny which we base much of our theory of evolution. Even in “Origin of Species”, that infamous production of an earlier century which many consider synonymous with the concept of evolution, Darwin relies heavily on his knowledge of phylogeny to assess the characteristics of plants and animals which he observed on his scientific voyage on the “Beagle”. Contends that this is only one example, of the many interrelationships of phylogeny and evolutionary theory which have occurred over time. It, along with the somewhat antiquated concept of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, however, illustrates the importance of phylogeny to evolutionary theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPphylog.wps
The Kinesiology of the Volley Ball Serve
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This 10 page paper provides an overview of the kinesiology of the volley ball serve, with a focus on the upper extremities. This paper assesses things like skill, balance and an anatomical analysis as well as a mechanical analysis. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: MHVolBal.rtf
The Lowly Tuna Sandwich: Its Ecological and Physiological Relevance to Man
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An 8 page analysis of the components of the tuna sandwich. Breaks the sandwich down into each of its components comparing them ecologically and evolutionary to man. The paper then concentrates on the molecular components of the sandwich, noting the particularly of the passage of elements such as starches and sugars through the digestive system of the human body. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPfoodAn.rtf
The Major Muscle Groups / An Overview
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A 10 page paper describing the five major muscle groups and providing specific information for a representative muscle from each. Includes six drawings of various muscles as well as information regarding their origin, insertion, function, and innervation. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Muscgrup.wps
